Languages of Borneo
The indigenous languages of Borneo is divided into ten subgroups (Hudson 1978). The Malayic subgroup includes Iban and Malay. The diversity and relative archaism from the Malayic languages spoken in West Borneo suggest the Malayic homeland may have been in this region.
The Tamanic languages are close enough to the South Sulawesi languages to form a subgroup with these. They‘ve some striking phonological developments in common with Buginese, with which they appear to form a separate branch within the South Sulawesi language group.
The Land Dayak languages have a couple of striking lexical and phonological similarities in common with Aslian languages. This means that Land Dayak originated as the results of a language shift from Aslian to Austronesian, or that both Land Dayak and Aslian have in common a source from an unknown third language.
Malayic Dayak languages are section of the Malayic sub-family (including, among others, Malay, Minangkabau and Banjarese ), Tamanic languages are most closely associated with South Sulawesi languages, and Sabahan languages subgroup using the Philippine languages (Hudson 1978 ).
Hudson (1970 ) ought to be credited for identifying and defining the Malayic Dayak subgroup. Previous scholars were not mindful of this subgroup and classified the Malayic Dayak languages either using the Malay dialects spoken by Muslims upon the Borneo coast or using the Land Dayak languages.
In this manner they classified Iban like a Malay dialect, and Salako like a Land Dayak dialect with strong Malay influence. Kendayan Dayak was seemingly also considered like a strongly Malayicized sort of Land Dayak (cf. Cense and Uhlenbeck 1958 ). Hudson, however, calls Iban, Kendayan, Salako along with other closely-related Dayak languages ‘Malayic Dayak’, and he classifies them along side Malay along with other Malay-like languages10 straight into the ‘Malayic’ linguistic group. His term ‘Malayic Dayak’ is supposed to distinguish Malayic languages spoken by non-Muslims in Borneo from other Malayic languages.
Hudson’s classification also pays focus on the undeniable fact that the Malayic Dayak languages are indigenous, whereas other Malayic languages in Borneo were introduced from Sumatra and / or Malaysia. This really is important to the search of the initial Malayic homeland. Three areas happen to be considered like a homeland : Sumatra, the Malay peninsula and Western Borneo.
Kern (1889 ) is at favour of the homeland inside the peninsular Malay area, and he rejected the potential of a Bornean homeland. But his arguments don‘t hold (Adelaar 1988 ). The historical and linguistic evidence means that the Malayic settlements inside the Malay peninsula are of more recent date than those in Sumatra as well as Borneo (Bellwood 1993 ). In view from the geographical spread (inside the interior ), the variety (which in some instances can‘t be explained as because of contact-induced change ) and also the sometimes conservative character of Malayic Dayak languages, some linguists are likely to favour Borneo like the homeland from the Malayic languages (cf. Blust 1988 ; Adelaar 1988, 1992 ).
The dialects belonging towards the Tamanic subgroup are Embaloh, Kalis and Taman. They‘re spoken inside the Hulu Kapuas Regency of West Kalimantan near the top from the Kapuas River and it is tributaries.
If, as seems as being case, Tamanic is much more closely associated with Buginese than with other South Sulawesi languages, it needs to be included inside the South Sulawesi language group inside a subgroup with Buginese (or with Buginese and Campalagian, cf. Grimes and Grimes 1987 and Sirk 1989 ).
It‘s evident the Tamanic-Buginese link has no connection using the Buginese migrations towards the coasts of East, South and West Borneo from a minimum of the 17th century on. The Buginese kept their identity or merged using the local Malays. Their migration to Borneo is really a more recent phenomenon as compared to some Buginese-Tamanic split, which should have preceded the Islamization of South Sulawesi. It should have happened so long ago it allowed the Tamanic speakers to adapt and assimilate to some considerable degree on their Bornean environment, and also to forget their “exo-Bornean” (from outside Borneo ) origin.
On the initial homeland of Tamanic, as a result of their apparent membership from the South Sulawesi language group It‘s presumably that at some stage in time its speakers have left South Sulawesi and also have migrated to Borneo.
References:
The Tamanic languages are close enough to the South Sulawesi languages to form a subgroup with these. They‘ve some striking phonological developments in common with Buginese, with which they appear to form a separate branch within the South Sulawesi language group.
The Land Dayak languages have a couple of striking lexical and phonological similarities in common with Aslian languages. This means that Land Dayak originated as the results of a language shift from Aslian to Austronesian, or that both Land Dayak and Aslian have in common a source from an unknown third language.
Malayic Dayak languages are section of the Malayic sub-family (including, among others, Malay, Minangkabau and Banjarese ), Tamanic languages are most closely associated with South Sulawesi languages, and Sabahan languages subgroup using the Philippine languages (Hudson 1978 ).
Hudson (1970 ) ought to be credited for identifying and defining the Malayic Dayak subgroup. Previous scholars were not mindful of this subgroup and classified the Malayic Dayak languages either using the Malay dialects spoken by Muslims upon the Borneo coast or using the Land Dayak languages.
In this manner they classified Iban like a Malay dialect, and Salako like a Land Dayak dialect with strong Malay influence. Kendayan Dayak was seemingly also considered like a strongly Malayicized sort of Land Dayak (cf. Cense and Uhlenbeck 1958 ). Hudson, however, calls Iban, Kendayan, Salako along with other closely-related Dayak languages ‘Malayic Dayak’, and he classifies them along side Malay along with other Malay-like languages10 straight into the ‘Malayic’ linguistic group. His term ‘Malayic Dayak’ is supposed to distinguish Malayic languages spoken by non-Muslims in Borneo from other Malayic languages.
Hudson’s classification also pays focus on the undeniable fact that the Malayic Dayak languages are indigenous, whereas other Malayic languages in Borneo were introduced from Sumatra and / or Malaysia. This really is important to the search of the initial Malayic homeland. Three areas happen to be considered like a homeland : Sumatra, the Malay peninsula and Western Borneo.
Kern (1889 ) is at favour of the homeland inside the peninsular Malay area, and he rejected the potential of a Bornean homeland. But his arguments don‘t hold (Adelaar 1988 ). The historical and linguistic evidence means that the Malayic settlements inside the Malay peninsula are of more recent date than those in Sumatra as well as Borneo (Bellwood 1993 ). In view from the geographical spread (inside the interior ), the variety (which in some instances can‘t be explained as because of contact-induced change ) and also the sometimes conservative character of Malayic Dayak languages, some linguists are likely to favour Borneo like the homeland from the Malayic languages (cf. Blust 1988 ; Adelaar 1988, 1992 ).
The dialects belonging towards the Tamanic subgroup are Embaloh, Kalis and Taman. They‘re spoken inside the Hulu Kapuas Regency of West Kalimantan near the top from the Kapuas River and it is tributaries.
If, as seems as being case, Tamanic is much more closely associated with Buginese than with other South Sulawesi languages, it needs to be included inside the South Sulawesi language group inside a subgroup with Buginese (or with Buginese and Campalagian, cf. Grimes and Grimes 1987 and Sirk 1989 ).
It‘s evident the Tamanic-Buginese link has no connection using the Buginese migrations towards the coasts of East, South and West Borneo from a minimum of the 17th century on. The Buginese kept their identity or merged using the local Malays. Their migration to Borneo is really a more recent phenomenon as compared to some Buginese-Tamanic split, which should have preceded the Islamization of South Sulawesi. It should have happened so long ago it allowed the Tamanic speakers to adapt and assimilate to some considerable degree on their Bornean environment, and also to forget their “exo-Bornean” (from outside Borneo ) origin.
On the initial homeland of Tamanic, as a result of their apparent membership from the South Sulawesi language group It‘s presumably that at some stage in time its speakers have left South Sulawesi and also have migrated to Borneo.
References:
- K. Alexander Adelaar (Borneo as a Cross-Roads for Comparative Austronesian Linguistics)
- https://dayakwithgoldenhair.wordpress.com/2011/10/06/languages-of-borneo/
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